Multimodale behandeling en opkomende immunotherapie bij cervicale neuro-endocriene tumoren

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a rare type of tumor originating from peptidergic neurons and neuroendocrine cells, which exhibit neuroendocrine differentiation and neuroendocrine marker expression. NENs can occur in any part of the body, with the cervix being the most common organ for their presentation within the female reproductive system. Small‑cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is the most common subtype of cervical NENs, followed by large‑cell NEC. Similar to cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), cervical NENs are closely related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, with HPV16 and HPV18 representing the most important subtypes. Cervical NENs are prone to early local spread and distant metastasis, with high malignancy and mortality rates. Currently, there are no clinical guidelines for their diagnosis and treatment, and therapy plans focus on multimodal treatment, combining the experience of cervical adenocarcinoma and SCC with small‑cell lung cancer. Platinum chemotherapy, radical surgery and/or radiotherapy are performed according to staging, and some progress has been made in the use of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. The present review discusses the pathogenesis, treatment, prognosis and future development direction of treatments for NENs.